{"id":831,"date":"2021-04-26T15:33:29","date_gmt":"2021-04-26T15:33:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/?p=831"},"modified":"2021-05-19T16:59:21","modified_gmt":"2021-05-19T16:59:21","slug":"co-prinasi-americke-normy-api-579-a-asme-ffs-1-pro-provoz-tlakovych-zarizeni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/26\/co-prinasi-americke-normy-api-579-a-asme-ffs-1-pro-provoz-tlakovych-zarizeni\/","title":{"rendered":"Co p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed americk\u00e9 normy API 579 a ASME FFS-1 pro provoz tlakov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Uveden\u00e1 ozna\u010den\u00ed norem se vlastn\u011b vztahuj\u00ed na jednu a tut\u00e9\u017e normu, kter\u00e1 byla odsouhlasena jak americk\u00fdm petrolej\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm institutem (API), tak americkou spole\u010dnost\u00ed strojn\u00edch in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f (ASME). Tato norma m\u00e1 n\u00e1zev \u201eFitness for service\u201c, co\u017e je americk\u00fd v\u00fdraz pro v\u00fdpo\u010det maxim\u00e1ln\u00edch vad, kter\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b vyhovuj\u00ed v provozu tlakov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Jde tedy o normu API 579 \/ ASME FFS-1 Fitness-For-Service, 3. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, 2016. D\u00e1le v textu bude pro p\u0159ehlednost pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1zev: Norma. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek nem\u00e1 za \u00fakol tuto normu propagovat, jeho c\u00edlem je v\u0161ak s n\u00ed sezn\u00e1mit technickou ve\u0159ejnost a pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ji i komentovat.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ing. V\u00e1clav Peka\u0159, CSc.<\/strong>
\u010dlen v\u011bdeck\u00e9 rady APTI, z.s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b hodnocen\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tedy je\u0161t\u011b jednou: Co je fitness for service<\/em>? Toto souslov\u00ed chce d\u00e1t odpov\u011b\u010f na ot\u00e1zky:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Je pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed provozu tlakov\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9?<\/li>
  2. Jak dlouho je\u0161t\u011b m\u016f\u017eeme za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed provozovat?<\/li>
  3. M\u016f\u017eeme udr\u017eet provoz za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed do dal\u0161\u00ed pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 odst\u00e1vky?<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Tato norma tedy p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vady na tlakov\u00e9m za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed hodnot\u00ed a t\u0159i \u00farovn\u011b hodnocen\u00ed vad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    • \u00darove\u0148 (level) 1: Nejrychlej\u0161\u00ed, nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a nejlacin\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodnot\u00edc\u00ed \u00farove\u0148. Prov\u00e1d\u00ed se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vizu\u00e1ln\u011b, mohou se vyu\u017e\u00edt jednoduch\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vad, kter\u00e9 se mohou zpracovat tabulkov\u011b \u010di graficky. Vyhodnocen\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b zku\u0161enosti anebo porovn\u00e1n\u00edm s dovolen\u00fdmi hodnotami dan\u00fdmi normami, sm\u011brnicemi \u010di vnit\u0159n\u00edmi p\u0159edpisy. Inspekce je obvykle prov\u00e1d\u011bna techniky provozovatele<\/li>
    • \u00darove\u0148 (level) 2: Komplikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u00farove\u0148 1. Typicky po\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed algebraick\u00fdch rovnic \u010di vzorc\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt \u0159e\u0161eny pomoc\u00ed tabulkov\u00e9ho procesoru. Prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vad (prov\u00e1d\u00ed se hust\u0161\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pomoc\u00ed rastr\u016f \u010di m\u0159\u00ed\u017eek). Inspekce je prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e1 techniky provozovatele anebo p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi specialisty.<\/li>
    • \u00darove\u0148 (level) 3: Nejkomplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed, po\u017eaduje odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed technick\u00e9 znalosti a dovednosti umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Detailn\u011b se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00fd profil a zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tlakov\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se \u010d\u00edslicov\u00e9 metody jako metoda anal\u00fdzy kone\u010dn\u00fdmi prvky FEA nebo i jin\u00e9 specializovan\u00e9 programy, nap\u0159\u00edklad z lomov\u00e9 mechaniky \u010di creepu. Inspekce je prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e1 in\u017een\u00fdry specialisty s hlubok\u00fdmi technick\u00fdmi znalostmi.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Hodnocen\u00ed FFS by m\u011blo za\u010d\u00edt \u00farovn\u00ed 1. Jestli\u017ee je ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1, m\u011bla by se pou\u017e\u00edt \u00farove\u0148 2 . Jestli\u017ee je ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 i ta, m\u011bla by se pou\u017e\u00edt \u00farove\u0148 3. Ale v praxi, neb\u00fdv\u00e1 uveden\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed dodr\u017eov\u00e1no. D\u016fvody, pro\u010d hodnocen\u00ed za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 na \u00farovn\u00edch vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch, mohou b\u00fdt nap\u0159.: Ztr\u00e1ta \u010dasu a pen\u011bz. Je minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161ance, \u017ee by byla inspekce ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 nen\u00ed aplikovateln\u00e1, jestli\u017ee geometrie v bl\u00edzkosti defektu je velmi komplikovan\u00e1 a nelze ji jednodu\u0161e zhodnotit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Intergita za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a zbytkov\u00e1 \u017eivotnost<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      V mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech FFS se m\u016f\u017eeme pt\u00e1t: Jak\u00fd je sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav integrity za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed? Jak\u00e1 je zbytkov\u00e1 \u017eivotnost? To nen\u00ed to sam\u00e9. V nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b uva\u017eujme o korozi. Jestli\u017ee koroze zmen\u0161ila tlou\u0161\u0165ku st\u011bny na polovinu korozn\u00ed p\u0159ir\u00e1\u017eky jen m\u00edstn\u011b, m\u016f\u017eeme prov\u00e9st v\u00fdpo\u010det a rozhodnout jestli uveden\u00fd \u00fabytek materi\u00e1lu je bezpe\u010dn\u00fd. To n\u00e1m ale nic nevypov\u00edd\u00e1 o zbytkov\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti. K v\u00fdpo\u010dtu zbytkov\u00e9 \u017eivotnosti mus\u00edme nejprve vypo\u010d\u00edtat minim\u00e1ln\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ku st\u011bny v kontrolovan\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b s lok\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fabytkem a z toho se d\u00e1 vypo\u010d\u00edtat zbytkov\u00e1 \u017eivotnost. Uveden\u00e9 normy \u0159e\u0161\u00ed ob\u011b ot\u00e1zky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      D\u016fle\u017eitost mechanismu po\u0161kozen\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Mechanismus po\u017ekozen\u00ed je obvykle p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstkov\u00fd, zv\u011b\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed se a neuzav\u0159iteln\u00fd (neukon\u010diteln\u00fd). D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je identifikace po\u0161kozovac\u00edho mechanismu. Uveden\u00e1 charakteristika mechanismu po\u0161kozen\u00ed se net\u00fdk\u00e1 vzp\u011bru potrub\u00ed jako celku a stability st\u011bny potrub\u00ed. I k\u0159ehk\u00fd lom se z n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vymyk\u00e1. Tyto normy jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny podle po\u0161kozovac\u00edch mechanism\u016f. Norma se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 t\u011bmito po\u0161kozovac\u00edmi mechanismy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      • K\u0159ehk\u00fd lom<\/li>
      • Plo\u0161n\u00fd \u00fabytek kovu<\/li>
      • M\u00edstn\u00ed \u00fabytek kovu<\/li>
      • D\u016flek (d\u016flkov\u00e1 koroze)<\/li>
      • Vod\u00edkov\u00e9 boule, bublinky, vod\u00edkov\u00e9 prask\u00e1n\u00ed<\/li>
      • Vych\u00fdleniny svaru\/ naru\u0161en\u00ed tvaru sko\u0159epiny<\/li>
      • Trhliny<\/li>
      • Creep<\/li>
      • Po\u0161kozen\u00ed ohn\u011bm\/ po\u017e\u00e1rem<\/li>
      • Vrypy a r\u00fdhy<\/li>
      • Vrstven\u00ed (nap\u0159. zav\u00e1lcovan\u00e9 pleny)<\/li>
      • \u00danava<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Ka\u017ed\u00e1 kapitola je strukturovan\u00e1 na sekce jako \u201eAplikovatelnost a omezen\u00ed\u201c, \u201ePo\u017eadovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje\u201c, \u201eHodnot\u00edc\u00ed techniky\u201c, \u201e Hodnocen\u00ed zbytkov\u00e9 \u017eivotnosti\u201c atd. D\u00e1le normy uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed k jednotliv\u00fdm po\u0161kozovac\u00edm mechanism\u016fm charakteristiky hodnocen\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se jejich jednotliv\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00ed a postup\u016f hodnocen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Akceptovan\u00e9 postupy hodnocen\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Uveden\u00e1 norma akceptuje tyto kriteria hodnocen\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Remaining strength factor (RSF) jinak sou\u010dinitel zbytkov\u00e9 pevnosti<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

        Sou\u010dinitel zbytkov\u00e9 pevnosti je pom\u011br:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        RSF= LDC<\/sub>\/LUD<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        kde
        LDC<\/sub> je mezn\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed (zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00ed kolaps) po\u0161kozen\u00e9ho komponentu
        LUC<\/sub> je mezn\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed (zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00ed kolaps) nepo\u0161kozen\u00e9ho komponentu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Nap\u0159\u00edklad: Koroz\u00ed nenapadnut\u00e1 trubka unese 100 bar g a ta sam\u00e1 ale zkorodovan\u00e1 trubka unese 80 bar g, potom RSF=0,8. Norma doporu\u010duje pou\u017e\u00edvat maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed dovolenoou hodnotu sou\u010dinitele 0,9. Toto hodnocen\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 u<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        • Plo\u0161n\u00fd \u00fabytek kovu<\/li>
        • M\u00edstn\u00ed \u00fabytek kovu<\/li>
        • D\u016flek (d\u016flkov\u00e1 koroze)<\/li>
        • Vod\u00edkov\u00e9 boule, bublinky, vod\u00edkov\u00e9 prask\u00e1n\u00ed<\/li>
        • Vych\u00fdleniny svaru\/ naru\u0161en\u00ed tvaru sko\u0159epiny<\/li>
        • Vrypy a r\u00fdhy<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          Toto hodnocen\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro druhou \u00farove\u0148 hodnocen\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edklad pou\u017eit\u00ed pro plo\u0161n\u00fd \u00fabytek kovu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u00darove\u0148 1: Z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 se pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hodnota tlou\u0161\u0165ky st\u011bny potrub\u00ed. Ve v\u0161eobecnosti hodnocen\u00ed projde, jestli\u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 tlou\u0161\u0165ka st\u011bny v \u010dase inspekce (tavg<\/sub>) je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e minim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e1 tlou\u0161\u0165ka st\u011bny v n\u00e1vrhu (projektu) (tmin<\/sub>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          tavg<\/sub> \u2265 tmin(design)<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u00darove\u0148 2: Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se ta sam\u00e1 podm\u00ednka jako v \u00farovni 1 a d\u00e1le se zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 koeficient \u201eRSF\u201c, kter\u00fd sni\u017euje po\u017eadovanou minim\u00e1ln\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ku st\u011bny. Tak\u017ee plat\u00ed<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          tavg<\/sub> \u2265 RSF.tmin(design)<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Vyu\u017eit\u00ed Failure assessment diagram (FAD) nebo jinak diagram hodnocen\u00ed poruch<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

          U vysoce pevn\u00fdch a k\u0159ehk\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f je plastick\u00e1 z\u00f3na mal\u00e1 a relativn\u011b nev\u00fdznamn\u00e1. Opak je v\u0161ak pravdou u tv\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00edzkouhl\u00edkov\u00fdch ocel\u00ed, b\u011b\u017en\u011b u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch na tlakov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch v\u010detn\u011b potrub\u00ed. S tv\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi materi\u00e1ly lze zach\u00e1zet pomoc\u00ed takzvan\u00e9 elasticko-plastick\u00e9 lomov\u00e9 mechaniky (nap\u0159. v\u00fdpo\u010det J-integr\u00e1lu), co\u017e je komplikovan\u00e9 a pro praxi nevhodn\u00e9. Proto se prosazuje FAD diagram. K v\u00fdpo\u010dtu vlivu plasticity na lom pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 FAD diagram parametr lomu (Kr<\/sub><\/em>) a parametr bezpe\u010dnosti (LP<\/sup>r<\/sub><\/em>). Viz obr. D\u00e1le:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Parametr lomu (Kr<\/sub>)<\/em> a parametr bezpe\u010dnosti (LP<\/sup>r<\/sub>)<\/em> jsou oba pom\u011bry ke sv\u00e9 limitn\u00ed hodnot\u011b. To je:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

          Kde:   
          KI<\/sub><\/em> \u2013 je vypo\u010dten\u00e1 faktor intenzity nap\u011bt\u00ed v materi\u00e1lu z prim\u00e1rn\u00edho i sekund\u00e1rn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed.
          KIc<\/sub><\/em> \u2013 je faktor intenzity kritick\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed (tj. lomov\u00e1 hou\u017eevnatost)
          \u03c3P<\/sup><\/em> \u2013 je vypo\u010dten\u00e9 referen\u010dn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed v materi\u00e1lu v d\u016fsledku prim\u00e1rn\u00edch nap\u011bt\u00ed
          \u03c3y<\/sub><\/em> \u2013 je mez kluzu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Vzorce pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed intenzity nap\u011bt\u00ed a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00edch nap\u011bt\u00ed pro \u0159adu r\u016fzn\u00fdch geometri\u00ed jsou uvedeny v norm\u011b P\u0159\u00edlohy 9B a 9C. Jakmile vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1te Kr<\/sub><\/em> a LP <\/sup>r<\/sub><\/em> pro va\u0161i konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed trhlinu, m\u016f\u017eete tento bod vykreslit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Diagram m\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 mezn\u00ed hodnoty pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly. Jedn\u00e1 se o siln\u00e9 svisl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1rkovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry na prav\u00e9m konci k\u0159ivky. U typick\u00fdch ocel\u00ed vykazuj\u00edc\u00edch mez kluzu je mezn\u00ed hodnota 1,0,  zat\u00edmco u nerezav\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed oceli je mezn\u00ed hodnota 1,8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Do v\u00fdpo\u010dtu Kr<\/sub><\/em> jsou zahrnuta prim\u00e1rn\u00ed i sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed zat\u00edmco do v\u00fdpo\u010dtu Lr<\/sub><\/em>jsou zahrnuta pouze nap\u011bt\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed. Hodnoty na vodorovn\u00e9 ose LR<\/sub><\/em> se vypo\u010dtou vyd\u011blen\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00edm na mezi kluzu. Porucha je ohrani\u010dena plastick\u00fdm kolapsem. Pou\u017eit\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed je tak jen nap\u011bt\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed. Zdrojem selh\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i tlakov\u00e9m p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tlakov\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou prim\u00e1rn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Hodnoty na svisl\u00e9 ose KR<\/sub><\/em> se vypo\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed vyd\u011blen\u00edm intenzity nap\u011bt\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dky trhliny kritickou intenzitou nap\u011bt\u00ed (tj. lomovou hou\u017eevnatost\u00ed). Tato osa ozna\u010duje, kde se materi\u00e1l nach\u00e1z\u00ed s ohledem na selh\u00e1n\u00ed lomem. Na rozd\u00edl od plastick\u00e9ho kolapsu je lom ovlivn\u011bn prim\u00e1rn\u00edm i sekund\u00e1rn\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Toto hodnocen\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 u vad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          • trhliny<\/li>
          • d\u016flek (d\u016flkov\u00e1 koroze), je-li to vhodn\u00e9 tvarem d\u016flku<\/li>
          • vod\u00edkov\u00e9 prask\u00e1n\u00ed<\/li>
          • vrypy a r\u00fdhy<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            Toto hodnocen\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro druhou \u00farove\u0148 hodnocen\u00ed a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech i pro t\u0159et\u00ed \u00farove\u0148.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Ostatn\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1 kriteria hodnocen\u00ed:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

            K\u0159ehk\u00fd lom.<\/strong> Mo\u017eno pou\u017e\u00edt ASME UCS k\u0159ivky Zjist\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed dovolenou teplotu z p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku pro hladiny nap\u011bt\u00ed pod nap\u011bt\u00edm n\u00e1vrhu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Creep.<\/strong> Mo\u017eno pou\u017e\u00edt v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00e9 modely creepu nap\u0159. Omega model, kter\u00fd je pops\u00e1n v API 579. Ale jsou povoleny i jin\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed modely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u00danava. <\/strong>Mo\u017eno pou\u017e\u00edt r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00e9 modely \u00fanavy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Vod\u00edkov\u00e9 boule, bublinky, vod\u00edkov\u00e9 prask\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/strong> K nim p\u0159istupujeme u boul\u00ed jako k d\u016flk\u016fm a u prask\u00e1n\u00ed jako k trhlin\u00e1m. Zahrnuje: vod\u00edkov\u00e9 boule, vod\u00edkov\u00e9 prask\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u011b\u0165ov\u011b orientovan\u00e9 vod\u00edkov\u00e9 prask\u00e1n\u00ed. Z tohoto hodnocen\u00ed jsou vylou\u010deny: vysokoteplotn\u00ed vod\u00edkov\u00e9 napaden\u00ed, sulfidov\u00e9 nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 prask\u00e1n\u00ed a vod\u00edkov\u00e1 k\u0159ehkost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Po\u0161kozen\u00ed ohn\u011bm\/po\u017e\u00e1rem.<\/strong> Extr\u00e9mn\u00ed teploty poru\u0161uj\u00ed jak vlastnosti materi\u00e1l\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch na tlakov\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, tak jejich tvar. Vyhodnot\u00edme rozm\u011bry tlakov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a ur\u010d\u00edme rozsah zm\u011bn od napaden\u00ed teplotou. D\u00e1le metalurgick\u00fdm rozborem ur\u010d\u00edme zm\u011bny ve struktu\u0159e kov\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            Jak jste si jist\u011b v\u0161imli, tato norma se zat\u00edm nezab\u00fdv\u00e1 vibracemi a s t\u00edm souvis\u00edc\u00ed vysokocyklovou \u00fanavou. A d\u00e1le vynechala vysokoteplotn\u00ed vod\u00edkov\u00e9 napaden\u00ed a vod\u00edkovou k\u0159ehkost. M\u016f\u017eeme se v\u0161ak opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b domn\u00edvat, \u017ee v dal\u0161\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to normy budou kapitoly, t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se t\u011bchto jev\u016f, dopln\u011bny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            D\u00e1le jde o pom\u011brn\u011b p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee norma neobsahuje hodnocen\u00ed kulat\u00e9ho anebo ov\u00e1ln\u00e9ho d\u016flku ve st\u011bn\u011b pomoc\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9ho pevnostn\u00edho v\u00fdpo\u010dtu, podobn\u011b jako je to v na\u0161\u00ed TPG 700 02 Stanoven\u00ed technick\u00e9ho stavu n\u00edzkotlak\u00fdch a st\u0159edotlak\u00fdch plynovodn\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed z oceli. Diagnostick\u00e9 metody \u010di tak\u00e9 \u010cSN 69 0010-4.12 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Naopak se zd\u00e1, \u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to normy v kontextu evropsk\u00fdch norem pro n\u00e1vrh a v\u00fdrobu tlakov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, je zde zbyte\u010dn\u00e1 kapitola o k\u0159ehk\u00e9m lomu, jako takov\u00e9m, proto\u017ee opat\u0159en\u00ed proti rozvoji k\u0159ehk\u00e9ho lomu u kov\u016f ji\u017e jsou v uveden\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch norm\u00e1ch zapracov\u00e1ny a hodnocen\u00ed inicia\u010dn\u00edch vad k\u0159ehk\u00e9ho lomu vznikl\u00fdch p\u0159i provozu obsahuje tato norma v jin\u00fdch kapitol\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 zkr\u00e1cen\u00e9 sezn\u00e1men\u00ed s normou n\u00e1m tak d\u00e1v\u00e1 podklady pro budouc\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed, zda stoj\u00ed za to se s touto normou sezn\u00e1mit podrobn\u011b a d\u00e1le s n\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad pracovat jako jedn\u00edm z pramen\u016f p\u0159i tvorb\u011b na\u0161ich \u010cSN t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se technick\u00fdch reviz\u00ed tlakov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Uveden\u00e1 ozna\u010den\u00ed norem se vlastn\u011b vztahuj\u00ed na jednu a tut\u00e9\u017e normu, kter\u00e1 byla odsouhlasena jak americk\u00fdm petrolej\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm institutem (API), tak americkou spole\u010dnost\u00ed strojn\u00edch in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f (ASME). Tato norma m\u00e1 n\u00e1zev \u201eFitness…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":832,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-831","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1220x480_INSPCT.png","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/831","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=831"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/831\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":833,"href":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/831\/revisions\/833"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/832"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=831"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.apti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=831"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}